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Är star of bethlehem infödd till oss

Star of Bethlehem

Biblical star revealing Christ's birth

For other uses, see Star of Bethlehem (disambiguation).

The Star of Bethlehem, or Christmas Star,[1] appears in the nativity story of the Gospel of Matthewchapter 2 where "wise dock from the East" (Magi) are inspired bygd the star to travel to Jerusalem.

There, they meet King Herod of Judea, and ask him:

Where fryst vatten He who has been born King of the Jews? For we have seen His star in the East and have komma to worship Him.[2]

Herod calls tillsammans his scribes and priests who, quoting a verse from the Book of Micah, interpret it as a prophecy that the Jewish Messiah would be born in Bethlehem to the south of Jerusalem.

Secretly intending to find and kill the Messiah in beställning to preserve his own kingship, Herod invites the wise dock to return to him on their way home.

The star leads them to Jesus' Bethlehem birthplace, where they worship him and give him gifts. The wise dock are then given a gudomlig varning not to return to Herod, so they return home bygd a different route.[3]

Many Christians believe the star was a miraculous sign.

Some theologians claimed that the star fulfilled a prophecy, known as the Star Prophecy.[4]Astronomers have made several attempts to link the star to unusual celestial events, such as a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn or Jupiter and Venus,[5] a comet, or a supernova.[6] Some modern scholars do not consider the story to be describing a historical event, but rather a pious fiction added later to the main gospel account.[7]

The subject fryst vatten a favorite at planetarium shows during the Christmas season.[8] However, most ancient sources and Church tradition generally indikera that the wise dock visited Bethlehem sometime after Jesus' birth.[9] The visit fryst vatten traditionally celebrated on Epiphany (January 6) in Western Christianity.[10]

The konto in the Gospel of Matthew describes Jesus with the broader Greek word παιδίον, paidíon, which can mean either "infant" or "child" rather than the more specific word for infant, βρέφος, bréphos.

This possibly implies that some time has passed since the birth. However, the word παιδίον, paidíon fryst vatten also used in the Gospel of Luke specifically concerning Jesus' birth and his later framställning at the temple.[11] Herod inom has all male Hebrew babies in the area up to age two killed in the massaker of the Innocents.

Matthew's narrative

[edit]

The Gospel of Matthew tells how the Magi (often translated as "wise men", but more accurately astrologers) arrive at the court of Herod in Jerusalem and tell the king of a star which signifies the birth of the King of the Jews:

Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, wise dock from the East came to Jerusalem, saying, 2"Where fryst vatten he who has been born king of the Jews?

For we have seen his star in the East, and have komma to worship him." 3When Herod the king heard this, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him; 4and assembling all the ledare priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Christ was to be born. 5They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it fryst vatten written bygd the prophet:

6'And you, O Bethlehem, in the nation of Judah,
are bygd no means least among the rulers of Judah;
for from you shall komma a ruler
who will govern my people Israel.'"

7Then Herod summoned the wise dock secretly and ascertained from them what time the star appeared; 8and he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child, and when you have funnen him bring me word, that inom too may komma and worship him." 9When they had heard the king they went their way; and lo, the star which they had seen in the East went before them, mot it came to rest over the place where the child was.

10When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy; 11and going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh.

—&#;Matthew –11, Revised Standard Version[13]

Herod fryst vatten "troubled", not because of the appearance of the star, but because the Magi have told him that a "king of the Jews" had been born,[14] which he understands to refer to the Messiah, a leader of the Jewish people whose coming was believed to be foretold in scripture.

He asks his advisors where the Messiah would be born.[15] They answer Bethlehem, birthplace of King David, and quote the prophetMicah.[nb 1] The king passes this data along to the Magi.[16]

In a dream, they are warned not to return to Jerusalem, so they leave for their own country bygd another route.[17] When Herod realizes he has been tricked, he orders the execution of all male children in Bethlehem "two years old and younger," based on the age the child could be in regard to the data the magi had given him concerning the time the star first appeared.[nb 2]

Joseph, warned in a dream, takes his family to Egypt for their safety.[18] The gospel links the escape to a verse from scripture, which it interprets as a prophecy: "Out of Egypt inom called my son."[19] This was a reference to the avfärd of the Hebrews from Egypt beneath Moses, so the quote suggests that Matthew saw the life of Jesus as recapitulating the story of the Jewish people, with Judea representing Egypt and Herod standing in for pharaoh.[20]

After Herod dies, namn and his family return from Egypt,[21] and settle in Nazareth in Galilee.[22] This fryst vatten also said to be a fulfillment of a prophecy ("He will be called a Nazorean," (NRSV) which could be attributed to Judges [23] regarding the birth of Samson and the Nazirite vow.

The word Nazareth fryst vatten related to the word netzer which means "sprout",[24] and which some Bible commentators think refers to Isaiah [26] "There shall komma forth a Rod from the stem of Jesse, And a Branch shall grow out of his roots."[27][nb 3]

Explanations

[edit]

Pious fiction

[edit]

Scholars who see the gospel nativity stories as later apologetic accounts created to establish the messianic ställning eller tillstånd of Jesus regard the Star of Bethlehem as a pious fiction.[28][29] Aspects of Matthew's konto which have raised questions of the historical event include: Matthew fryst vatten the only one of the fyra gospels which mentions either the Star of Bethlehem or the Magi.

Some scholars suggest that Jesus was born in Nazareth, and that the Bethlehem nativity narratives were later additions to the gospels intended to present his birth as the fulfillment of prophecy.[30]

According to blott D. Ehrman, the Matthew konto conflicts with that given in the Gospel of Luke, in which the family of Jesus already lives in Nazareth, travel to Bethlehem for the census, and return home almost immediately.[31]

Fulfillment of prophecy

[edit]

The ancients believed that astronomical phenomena were connected to terrestrial events.

Det finns ingen uppgift i Bibeln

Miracles were routinely associated with the birth of important people, including the Hebrewpatriarchs, as well as Greek and långnovell heroes.[32]

The Star of Bethlehem fryst vatten traditionally linked to the Star Prophecy in the Book of Numbers:

I see him, but not now;
inom behold him, but not near;
A Star shall komma out of Jacob;
A Scepter shall rise out of Israel,
And batter the panna of Moab,
And destroy all the sons of upplopp.

—&#;Numbers , NKJV[33]

Although possibly intended to refer to a time that was long past, since the kingdom of Moab had long ceased to exist bygd the time the Gospels were being written, this del had become widely seen as a reference to the coming of a Messiah.[4] It was, for example, cited bygd Josephus, who believed it referred to kejsare Vespasian.[34][35]Origen, one of the most influential early Christian theologians, connected this prophecy with the Star of Bethlehem:

If, then, at the commencement of new dynasties, or on the occasion of other important events, there arises a comet so called, or any similar celestial body, why should it be matter of wonder that at the birth of Him who was to introduce a new doctrine to the human race, and to man known His teaching not only to Jews, but also to Greeks, and to many of the barbarous nations besides, a star should have arisen?

Now inom would säga, that with respect to comets there fryst vatten no prophecy in circulation to the effect that such and such a comet was to arise in connection with a particular kingdom or a particular time; but with respect to the appearance of a star at the birth of Jesus there fryst vatten a prophecy of Balaam recorded bygd Moses to this effect: There shall arise a star out of Jacob, and a man shall rise up out of Israel.[36]

Origen suggested that the Magi may have decided to travel to Jerusalem when they "conjectured that the man whose appearance had been foretold along with that of the star, had actually komma into the world".[37]

The Magi are sometimes called "kings" because of the belief that they fulfill prophecies in Isaiah and Psalms concerning a journey to Jerusalem bygd gentile kings.[38] Isaiah mentions gifts of gold and incense.[39] In the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament probably used bygd Matthew, these gifts are given as gold and frankincense,[40] similar to Matthew's "gold, frankincense, and myrrh."[41] The gift of myrrh symbolizes mortality, according to Origen.[37]

While Origen argued for a naturalistic explanation, John Chrysostom viewed the star as purely miraculous: "How then, tell me, did the star point out a fläck so confined, just the space of a manger and shed, unless it left that height and came down, and stood over the very head of the ung child?

And at this the evangelist was hinting when he said, "Lo, the star went before them, mot it came and stood over where the ung Child was."[42]

Astronomical object

[edit]

Although the word magi (Greekμαγοι) fryst vatten usually translated as "wise men," in this context it probably means 'astronomer'/'astrologer'.

The involvement of astrologers in the story of the birth of Jesus was problematic for the early Church, because they condemned astrology as demonic[citation needed]; a widely cited explanation was that of Tertullian, who suggested that astrology was allowed 'only until the time of the Gospel'.[43]

Planetary conjunction

[edit]

In , German astronomer Johannes Kepler determined that a series of three conjunctions of the planets Jupiter and Saturn occurred in the year 7 BC.[8] He argued (incorrectly) that a planetary conjunction could create a nova, which he linked to the Star of Bethlehem.[8] Modern calculations show that there was a gap of nearly a grad (approximately twice a diameter of the moon) between the planets, so these conjunctions were not visually impressive.[44] An ancient almanac has been funnen in Babylon which covers the events of this period, but does not indikera that the conjunctions were of any special interest.[44] In the 20th century, Professor Karlis Kaufmanis, an astronomer, argued that this was an astronomical event where Jupiter and Saturn were in a triple conjunction in the constellation Pisces.[45][46] Archaeologist and AssyriologistSimo Parpola has also suggested this explanation.[47]

In 3–2 BC, there was a series of sju conjunctions, including three between Jupiter and liten kunglig and a strikingly close conjunction between Jupiter and venus nära liten kunglig on June 17, 2 BC.

"The fusion of two planets would have been a rare and awe-inspiring event", according to bekräftelse Sinnott.[48] Another Venus–Jupiter conjunction occurred earlier in August, 3 BC.[49] While these events occurred after the generally accepted date of 4 BC for the death of Herod, they did occur during the reign of namn på en berömd romersk ledare eller en klassisk sallad Augustus (who fryst vatten referenced in the Gospel of Luke), and early Christian historians Eusebius and Clement of Alexandria calculated the birth of Jesus to BC.[50][51] Since the conjunction would have been seen in the west at solnedgång it could not have led the magi south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem.[52]

Double occultation on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC

[edit]

Astronomer Michael R.

Molnar argues that the "star in the east" refers to an astronomical event with astrological significance in the context of ancient Greek astrology.[53] He suggests a link between the Star of Bethlehem and a double occultation of Jupiter bygd the måne on March 20 and April 17 of 6 BC in Aries, particularly the second occultation on April [54][55][56][57]Occultations of planets bygd the måne are ganska common, but Firmicus Maternus, an astrologer to långnovell kejsare Constantine, wrote that an occultation of Jupiter in Aries was a sign of the birth of a gudomlig king.[54][58] He argues that Aries rather than Pisces was the zodiac emblem for Judea, a fact that would affect previous interpretations of astrological ämne.

Molnar's theory was debated bygd scientists, theologians, and historians during a colloquium on the Star of Bethlehem at the Netherlands' University of Groningen in October Harvard astronomer Owen Gingerich supports Molnar's explanation but noted technical questions.[59] "The gospel story fryst vatten one in which King Herod was taken bygd surprise," said Gingerich.

"So it wasn't that there was suddenly a brilliant new star sitting there that anybody could have seen [but] something more subtle."[59] Astronomer David A. Weintraub says, "If Matthew's wise dock actually undertook a journey to search for a newborn king, the bright star didn't guide them; it only told them when to set out."[53]

There fryst vatten an explanation given that the events were ganska close to the Sun and would not have been visible to the naked eye.[60]

Regulus, Jupiter, and Venus

[edit]

Attorney Frederick Larson examined the biblical konto in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2[61][improper synthesis?] and funnen the following nine qualities of Bethlehem's Star:[62][63] It signified birth, it signified kingship, it was related to the Jewish nation, and it rose "in the East";[64][improper synthesis?] King Herod had not been aware of it;[65][improper synthesis?] it appeared at an exact time;[66][improper synthesis?] it endured over time;[67][improper synthesis?] and, according to Matthew,[68][improper synthesis?] it was in front of the Magi when they traveled south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem, and then stopped over Bethlehem.[69]

Using the Starry Night astronomy software, and an article[70] written bygd astronomer Craig Chester[71] based on the work of archeologist and historian Ernest L.

Martin,[72][73] Larson thinks all nine characteristics of the Star of Bethlehem are funnen in events that took place in the skies of 3–2 BC.[63][74] Highlights[75] include a triple conjunction of Jupiter, called the king planet, with the fixed star liten kunglig, called the king star, starting in September 3 BC.[76][77] Larson believes that may be the time of Jesus' conception.[74]

By June of 2 BC, nine months later, the human gestation period, Jupiter had continued moving in its orbit around the Sun and appeared in close conjunction with Venus[77] in June of 2 BC.[78] In Hebrew Jupiter fryst vatten called Sedeq, meaning "righteousness", a begrepp also used for the Messiah, and suggested that because the planet venus represents love and fruktsamhet, so Chester had suggested astrologers would have viewed the close conjunction of Jupiter and venus as indicating a coming new king of Israel, and Herod would have taken them seriously.[72] Astronomer Dave Reneke independently funnen the June 2 BC planetary conjunction, and noted it would have appeared as a "bright beacon of light".[79] According to Chester, the disks of Jupiter and venus would have appeared to touch[70] and there has not been as close a Venus-Jupiter conjunction since then.[72]

Jupiter next continued to move and then stopped in its apparent retrograde motion on månad 25 of 2 BC over the town of Bethlehem.[77][clarification needed][unreliable source?] Since planets in their orbits have a "stationary point",[70][72] a planet moves eastward through the stars but, "As it approaches the opposite point in the sky from the sun, it appears to slow, komma to a full stop, and move backward (westward) through the sky for some weeks.

igen it slows, stops, and resumes its eastward course," said Chester.[70] The date of månad 25 that Jupiter appeared to stop while in retrograde took place in the årstid of Hanukkah,[70] and fryst vatten the date later chosen to celebrate Christmas.[77][80]

Heliacal rising

[edit]

The Magi told Herod that they saw the star "in the East,"[81] or according to some translations, "at its rising",[82] which may imply the routine appearance of a constellation, or an asterism.

One theory interprets the phrase in Matthew , "in the east," as an astrological begrepp concerning a "heliacal rising." This translation was proposed bygd Edersheim[83] and Heinrich Voigt, among others.[84] The view was rejected bygd the philologist Franz Boll (–). Two modern translators of ancient astrological texts insist that the skrivelse does not use the technical terms for either a heliacal or an acronycal rising of a star.

However, one concedes that Matthew may have used layman's terms for a rising.[85]

Comet

[edit]

Other writers highly suggest that the star was a comet.[44]Halley's Comet was visible in 12 BC and another object, possibly a comet or nova, was seen bygd kinesisk and Korean stargazers in about 5 BC.[44][86] This object was observed for over seventy days, possibly with no movement recorded.[44] Ancient writers described comets as "hanging over" specific cities, just as the Star of Bethlehem was said to have "stood over" the "place" where Jesus was (the town of Bethlehem).[87] However, this fryst vatten generally thought unlikely as in ancient times comets were generally seen as bad omens.[88] The comet explanation has been recently promoted bygd Colin Nicholl.

His theory involves a hypothetical comet which could have appeared in 6 BC.[89][90][91]

Supernova

[edit]

A recent () hypothesis advanced bygd Frank Tipler fryst vatten that the star of Bethlehem was a supernova or hypernova occurring in the nearby Andromeda Galaxy.[92] Although it fryst vatten difficult to detect a supernova remnant in another galax, or obtain an accurate date of when it occurred, supernova remnants have been detected in Andromeda.[93]

Another theory fryst vatten the more likely supernova of February 23 4 BC, which fryst vatten now known as PSR +16 or the Hulse-Taylor Pulsar.

It fryst vatten said to have appeared in the constellation of Aquila, nära the intersection of the winter colure and the equator of date. The nova was "recorded in China, Korea, and Palestine" (probably meaning the Biblical account).[94]

A nova or comet was recorded in China in 4 BC. "In the reign of Ai-ti, in the third year of the Chien-p'ing period. In the third month, day chi-yu, there was a rising po at Hoku" (Han Shu, The History of the former han Dynasty).

The date fryst vatten equivalent to April 24, 4 BC. This identifies the date when it was first observed in China. It was also recorded in Korea: "In the fifty-fourth year of Hyokkose Wang, in the spring, second month, day chi-yu, a po-hsing appeared at Hoku" (Samguk Sagi, The Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms). The Korean ord may have been corrupted because Ho () points out that "the chi-yu day did not fall in the second month that year but on the first month" (February 23) and on the third month (April 24).

The original must have read "day chi-yu, first month" (February 23) or "day chi-yu, third month" (April 24). The latter would coincide with the date in the kinesisk records although professor Ho suggests the date was "probably February 23, 4 BC."[95]

Relating the star historically to Jesus' birth

[edit]

See also: Chronology of Jesus

If the story of the Star of Bethlehem described an actual event, it might identify the year Jesus was born.

The Gospel of Matthew describes the birth of Jesus as taking place when Herod was king.[96][97] According to Josephus, Herod died after a lunar eclipse[98] and before a Passover Feast.[99][] Some scholars suggested dates in 5 BC, because it allows sju months for the events Josephus documented between the lunar eclipse and the Passover rather than the 29 days allowed bygd lunar eclipse in 4 BC.[][] Others suggest it was an eclipse in 1 BC.[][][] The narrative implies that Jesus was born sometime between the first appearance of the star and the appearance of the Magi at Herod's court.

That the king fryst vatten said to have ordered the execution of boys two years of age and younger implies that the Star of Bethlehem appeared within the preceding two years. Some scholars date the birth of Jesus as 6–4 BC,[] while others suggest Jesus' birth was in 3–2 BC.[][]

The Gospel of Luke says the census from namn på en berömd romersk ledare eller en klassisk sallad Augustus took place when Quirinius was governor of Syria.[] Tipler suggests this took place in AD 6, nine years after the death of Herod, and that the family of Jesus left Bethlehem shortly after the birth.[92] Some scholars explain the apparent disparity as an error on the part of the author of the Gospel of Luke,[][] concluding that he was more concerned with creating a symbolic narrative than a historical account,[] and was either unaware of, or indifferent to, the chronological difficulty.[]

However, there fryst vatten some debate among Bible translators about the correct reading of Luke ("Αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου").

Instead of translating the registration as taking place "when" Quirinius was governor of Syria, some versions translate it as "before"[][] or use "before" as an alternative,[][][] which Harold Hoehner, F.F. Bruce, Ben Witherington and others have suggested may be the correct translation.[] While not in agreement, Emil Schürer also acknowledged that such a translation can be justified grammatically.[] According to Josephus, the tax census conducted bygd the långnovell medlem av senat Quirinius particularly irritated the Jews, and was one of the causes of the Zealot movement of armed resistance to Rome.[] From this perspective, Luke may have been ansträngande to differentiate the census at the time of Jesus' birth from the tax census mentioned in Acts [] that took place beneath Quirinius at a later time.[] One ancient writer identified the census at Jesus' birth, not with taxes, but with a universal pledge of allegiance to the emperor.[]

Jack Finegan noted some early writers' reckoning of the regnal years of Augustus are the equivalent to 3/2 BC, or 2 BC or later for the birth of Jesus, including Irenaeus (3/2 BC), Clement of Alexandria (3/2 BC), Tertullian (3/2 BC), Julius Africanus (3/2 BC), Hippolytus of Rome (3/2 BC), Hippolytus of Thebes (3/2 BC), Origen (3/2 BC), Eusebius of Caesarea (3/2 BC), Epiphanius of Salamis (3/2 BC), Cassiodorus medlem av senat (3 BC), Paulus Orosius (2 BC), Dionysus Exiguus (1 BC), and Chronographer of the Year (AD 1).[] Finegan places the death of Herod in 1 BC, and says if Jesus was born two years or less before Herod the Great died, the birth of Jesus would have been in 3 or 2 BC.[] Finegan also notes the Alogi reckoned Jesus's birth with the equivalent of 4 BC or AD 9.[]

Religious interpretations

[edit]

Eastern Orthodoxy

[edit]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Star of Bethlehem fryst vatten interpreted as a miraculous event of symbolic and pedagogical significance, regardless of whether it coincides with a natural phenomenon; a sign sent bygd God to lead the Magi to the Christ Child.[citation needed] This fryst vatten illustrated in the Troparion of the Nativity:

Your birth, O Christ our God,
dawned the light of knowledge upon the earth.
For bygd Your birth those who adored stars
were taught bygd a star
to worship You, the Sun of Justice,
and to know You, Orient from on High.
O Lord, glory to You.[]

In Orthodox Christian iconography, the Star of Bethlehem fryst vatten often depicted not as golden, but as a dark aureola, a semicircle at the top of the icon, indicating the Uncreated Light of gudomlig grace, with a ray pointing to "the place where the ung child lay" (Matthew ).[] Sometimes the faint image of an angel fryst vatten drawn inre the aureola.

Simon the Athonite founded the kloster of Simonopetra on Mount platsnamn after seeing a star he identified with the Star of Bethlehem.[]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

[edit]

LDS members believe that the Star of Bethlehem was an actual astronomical event visible the world over.[] In the Book of Mormon, which they believe contains writings of ancient prophets, Samuel the Lamanite prophesies that a new star will appear as a sign that Jesus has been born, and Nephi later writes about the fulfillment of this prophecy.[]

Jehovah's Witnesses

[edit]

Members of Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the "star" was a framtidsperspektiv or sign created bygd djävul, rather than a sign from God.

This fryst vatten because it led the pagan astrologers first to Jerusalem where King Herod consequently funnen out about the birth of the "king of the Jews", with the result that he attempted to have Jesus killed.[]

Seventh-day Adventist

[edit]

In her book, The Desire of Ages, Ellen vit states "That star was a distant company of shining angels, but of this the wise dock were ignorant."[]

Depiction in art

[edit]

Paintings and other pictures of the Adoration of the Magi may include a depiction of the star in some struktur.

In the fresco bygd Giotto di Bondone, it fryst vatten depicted as a comet. In the tapestry of the subject designed bygd Edward Burne-Jones (and in the related watercolour), the star fryst vatten held bygd an angel.

The colourful star lantern known as a paról fryst vatten a cherished and ubiquitous emblem of Christmas for Filipinos, its design and light recalling the star.

In its basic form eller gestalt, the paról has fem points and two "tails" that evoke rays of light pointing the way to the baby Jesus, and candles inre the lanterns have been superseded bygd electric belysning.

In the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, a silver star with 14 undulating rays marks the location traditionally claimed to be that of Jesus' birth.

In europeisk textiles a common eight-pointed star design fryst vatten known as the Holy Star of Bethlehem. The design has been used in stone, metall, wood-work and embroidery in the mittpunkt East since antiquity and fryst vatten one of the oldest patterns in patterns in Palestinian tatreez.[] In US congresswoman Rashida Tlaib was sworn in wearing a thobe that featured the design.[] On Vogue Arabia's November cover the star took a huvud position in the celebration of Palestinian embroidery.[] The design also features on Christmas sweaters.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]

  1. ^"A Christmas Star for SOHO".

    NASA. Archived from the original on månad 24, Retrieved .

  2. ^Matthew –2
  3. ^Matthew –12
  4. ^ abFreed, namn D. (). The Stories of Jesus' Birth: A Critical Introduction. Continuum International. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  5. ^Telegraph (). "Jesus was born in June".

    The daglig Telegraph. London. Retrieved .

  6. ^"Star of Bethlehem." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. ^For example, Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, handlar i textilier University Press (), ; Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, London: Penguin, , p.

    22; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, , p. 85; förnamn Michael Adair, "Science, Scholarship and Bethlehem's Starry Night", Sky and Telescope, Dec. , pp. 26–29 (reviewing astronomical theories).

  8. ^ abcJohn, Mosley. "Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows".

    Archived from the original on Retrieved .

  9. ^Andrews, Samuel James (). "When did the Magi visit?". Salem Web Network. Retrieved 3 February
  10. ^Ratti, John. "First Sunday after the Epiphany". Archived from the original on Retrieved .
  11. ^Luke , 27
  12. ^Matthew –11
  13. ^Long, Thomas ().

    Matthew.

    Star of Bethlehem, celestial phenomenon mentioned in the Gospel According to Matthew as leading “wise men from the East” to the birthplace of Jesus Christ

    Westminster: John Knox Press. p.&#;

  14. ^Matthew
  15. ^Matthew
  16. ^Matthew
  17. ^Matthew –14
  18. ^Matthew The original fryst vatten from Hosea
  19. ^"An Exodus motif prevails in the entire chapter." (Kennedy, Joel (). Recapitulation of Israel. Mohr Siebeck. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

    Retrieved )

  20. ^Matthew –21
  21. ^Matthew
  22. ^Judges
  23. ^Concordances on the meaning of the word "netzer" on Bible Hub. Retrieved månad 29,
  24. ^Isaiah
  25. ^Isaiah chapter 11, verse 1 on Bible Hub with commentaries. Retrieved on månad 29,
  26. ^Brown, Raymond E. (), The Birth of the Messiah, Anchor Bible Reference Library, p.&#;.
  27. ^Markus Bockmuehl, This Jesus (Continuum International, ), p.

    28; Vermes, Géza (), The Nativity: History and Legend, Penguin Books Ltd, p.&#;22, ISBN&#;; Sanders, Ed Parish (), The Historical Figure of Jesus, London: Allen Lane, p.&#;85, ISBN&#;; Believable Christianity: A lecture in the annual October series on Radical Christian Faith at Carrs Lane URC Church, Birmingham, October 5,

  28. ^Nikkos Kokkinos, "The Relative Chronology of the Nativity in Tertullian", in Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman and others, eds., Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, handlar i textilier University Press (), pp.

    –
    Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar, The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus, HarperSanFrancisco, , ISBN&#; pp. , ,
    Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in Chronos, Kairos, Christos II, handlar i textilier University Press (),
    For Micah's prophecy, see Micah

  29. ^Bart D.

    Ehrman, Jesus: apocalyptic profet of the new millennium, Oxford University Press , p.

  30. ^Vermes, Geza (December ). "The First Christmas". History Today. Vol.&#;56, no.&#; pp.&#;23– Archived from the original on Retrieved
  31. ^Numbers
  32. ^Josephus, Flavius.

    Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

    The Wars of the Jews. Retrieved

  33. ^Lendering, Jona. "Messianic claimants". Archived from the original on Retrieved
  34. ^Adamantius, Origen. "Contra Celsum". Retrieved , Book inom, Chapter LIX.
  35. ^ abAdamantius, Origen. "Contra Celsum"..

    Book inom, Chapter LX.

  36. ^France, R.T., The Gospel according to Matthew: an introduction and commentary, p. See Isaiah –7 and Psalms
  37. ^Isaiah
  38. ^Isaiah Archived at the Wayback Machine (Septuagint).
  39. ^Matthew
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  41. är star of bethlehem infödd mot oss

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